| Introduction to Selenium |
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| Introduction to Automation Testing |
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| Selenium WebDriver Basics |
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| Understanding WebDriver |
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| First Selenium Script |
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| Locating Web Elements |
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| WebDriver Commands |
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| Advanced Web Element Interaction |
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| Synchronization in Selenium |
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| Implicit Wait |
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| Fluent Wait |
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| Working with Different Browsers |
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| Setting up WebDriver for different browsers |
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| Cross-Browser Testing |
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| Handling Advanced User Interactions |
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| Mouse Actions |
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| Keyboard Actions |
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| Page Object Model (POM) |
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| Introduction to POM |
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| Implementing POM |
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| TestNG Framework |
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| Introduction to TestNG |
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| Creating and Running TestNG Tests |
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XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language that allows you to select nodes from an XML document. In Selenium, XPath is commonly used to locate web elements on a webpage. Here’s an in-depth look at how to use XPath in Selenium, with examples:
Basic XPath Syntax
XPath expressions are made up of location paths. These paths can be absolute or relative:
- Absolute XPath starts from the root element and goes down the hierarchy, e.g.,
/html/body/div. - Relative XPath starts from the current node or context, denoted by a double slash
//, e.g.,//div.
XPath Axes
XPath includes several axes to navigate the DOM tree:
- Self: Refers to the current node, e.g.,
self::node(). - Parent: Selects the parent of the current node, e.g.,
parent::div. - Child: Selects children of the current node, e.g.,
child::div. - Descendant: Selects all descendants (children, grandchildren, etc.) of the current node, e.g.,
descendant::div. - Following-sibling: Selects all siblings after the current node, e.g.,
following-sibling::div.
XPath Functions
- Text(): Selects nodes with the specified text, e.g., ‘
//button[text()='Submit']‘. - Contains(): Selects nodes containing a specific value, e.g., ‘
//button[contains(text(), 'Submit')]'. - Starts-with(): Selects nodes starting with a specific value, e.g., ‘
//input[starts-with(@id, 'user')]‘.
Examples of XPath Expressions
1. Locating an Element by ID
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="element-id"]')
2. Locating an Element by Class Name
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@class="element-class"]')
3. Locating an Element by Attribute
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@name="element-name"]')
4. Using Text() Function
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Submit"]')
5. Using Contains() Function
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[contains(text(), "Submit")]')
6. Using Starts-with() Function
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[starts-with(@id, "user")]')
Examples with Selenium
Here's how you can use these XPath expressions in a Selenium script:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
# Set up the webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Open a webpage
driver.get('http://example.com')
# Example 1: Locate by ID
element_by_id = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="example-id"]')
print(element_by_id.text)
# Example 2: Locate by Class Name
element_by_class = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@class="example-class"]')
print(element_by_class.text)
# Example 3: Locate by Attribute
element_by_attribute = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@name="example-name"]')
print(element_by_attribute.text)
# Example 4: Locate by Text
element_by_text = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Submit"]')
print(element_by_text.text)
# Example 5: Locate by Contains
element_by_contains = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[contains(text(), "Submit")]')
print(element_by_contains.text)
# Example 6: Locate by Starts-with
element_by_starts_with = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[starts-with(@id, "user")]')
print(element_by_starts_with.get_attribute('id'))
# Close the browser
driver.quit()
Tips for Using XPath in Selenium
- Use Relative XPath: It’s generally more robust and less prone to breakage when the HTML structure changes.
- Combine XPath Functions: Combine multiple functions for more precise selection, e.g.,
//div[contains(@class, 'example') and starts-with(@id, 'user')]. - Optimize XPath Performance: Avoid overly complex XPath expressions as they can slow down the element search process.
