| Types java app |
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| Data Types and Operators |
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| (Primitive Data Types) |
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| (Non-Primitive Data Types) |
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| Control Flow Statements |
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| Conditional Statements |
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| Looping Statements |
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| Branching Statements |
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| Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) |
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| Classes and Objects |
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| Inheritance |
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| Polymorphism |
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| Encapsulation |
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| Abstraction |
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| Exception Handling |
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| Introduction to Exceptions |
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| Collections Framework |
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| Overview of Collections |
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| Commonly Used Collections |
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| Iterators |
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| Java I/O |
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| File Handling |
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| Serialization |
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| Multithreading |
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| Introduction to Threads |
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| Thread Synchronization |
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| GUI Programming with Swing |
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| Introduction to Swing |
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| Event Handling |
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| Advanced Topics |
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| Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) |
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| JAVA CODE |
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Java Basics
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Working with Objects
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Arrays, Conditionals, and Loops
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Creating Classes and Applications in Java
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More About Methods
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Java Applet Basics
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Graphics, Fonts, and Color
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Simple Animation and Threads
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More Animation, Images, and Sound
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Managing Simple Events and Interactivity
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Creating User Interfaces with the awt
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Windows, Networking, and Other Tidbits
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Modifiers, Access Control, and Class Design
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Packages and Interfaces
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Exceptions
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Multithreading
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Streams and I/O
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Using Native Methods and Libraries
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Under the Hood
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Java Programming Tools
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Working with Data Structures in Java
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Advanced Animation and Media
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Fun with Image Filters
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Client/Server Networking in Java
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Emerging Technologies
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appendix A :- Language Summary
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appendix B :- Class Hierarchy Diagrams
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appendix C The Java Class Library
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appendix D Bytecodes Reference
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appendix E java.applet Package Reference
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appendix F java.awt Package Reference
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appendix G java.awt.image Package Reference
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appendix H java.awt.peer Package Reference
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appendix I java.io Package Reference
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appendix J java.lang Package Reference
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appendix K java.net Package Reference
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appendix L java.util Package Reference
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Looping statements in Java are used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is met. Java supports several types of loops: for, while, and do-while. Here’s a detailed explanation of each:
1. for Loop
The for loop is typically used when the number of iterations is known beforehand. It consists of three parts:
- Initialization: This is executed once at the beginning of the loop.
- Condition: The loop continues to execute as long as this condition is true.
- Update: This is executed after each iteration of the loop.
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// code to be executed
}
Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
}
In this example:
- Initialization:
int i = 0 - Condition:
i < 5 - Update:
i++ - The loop will print “Iteration: ” followed by the current value of
i, from 0 to 4.
2. while Loop
The while loop is used when the number of iterations is not known and the loop should continue until a specified condition becomes false.
Syntax:
while (condition) {
// code to be executed
}
Example:
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
i++;
}
In this example, the loop will print “Iteration: ” followed by the current value of ‘ i ‘, from 0 to 4. The loop continues as long as ‘ i < 5 ‘.
3. do-while Loop
The do-while loop is similar to the ‘ while ‘ loop, but the key difference is that the block of code is executed at least once before the condition is tested. This is because the condition is evaluated after the execution of the loop body.
Syntax:
do {
// code to be executed
} while (condition);
Example:
int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);
In this example, the loop will print “Iteration: ” followed by the current value of ‘i‘, from 0 to 4. The loop continues as long as ‘i < 5‘. Even if the initial value of ‘i‘ were 5 or greater, the loop would execute once before checking the condition.
Key Differences
forvs.while:forloop is preferred when the number of iterations is known.whileloop is used when the number of iterations is not known and the loop should continue until a specific condition is met.
whilevs.do-while:whileloop checks the condition before executing the loop body.do-whileloop checks the condition after executing the loop body, ensuring the loop body is executed at least once.
Practical Considerations
- Infinite Loops: Care must be taken to ensure that loops terminate. For example, if the condition in a
whileloop always evaluates to true, or the update in aforloop doesn’t eventually make the condition false, the loop will run indefinitely. - Break and Continue: Java provides
breakto exit a loop prematurely andcontinueto skip the current iteration and proceed to the next iteration of the loop.
Example with break and continue:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break; // Exit the loop when i is 5
}
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // Skip even numbers
}
System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
}
In this example, the loop will print odd numbers from 1 to 3 and then exit when i equals 5.
Understanding these looping constructs and their appropriate use cases will help you write efficient and effective Java programs.
