| Types java app |
|---|
| Data Types and Operators |
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| (Primitive Data Types) |
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| (Non-Primitive Data Types) |
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| Control Flow Statements |
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| Conditional Statements |
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| Looping Statements |
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| Branching Statements |
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| Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) |
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| Classes and Objects |
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| Inheritance |
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| Polymorphism |
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| Encapsulation |
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| Abstraction |
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| Exception Handling |
|---|
| Introduction to Exceptions |
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| Collections Framework |
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| Overview of Collections |
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| Commonly Used Collections |
|---|
| Iterators |
|---|
| Java I/O |
|---|
| File Handling |
|---|
| Serialization |
|---|
| Multithreading |
|---|
| Introduction to Threads |
|---|
| Thread Synchronization |
|---|
| GUI Programming with Swing |
|---|
| Introduction to Swing |
|---|
| Event Handling |
|---|
| Advanced Topics |
|---|
| Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) |
|---|
| JAVA CODE |
|---|
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Java Basics
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Working with Objects
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Arrays, Conditionals, and Loops
|
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Creating Classes and Applications in Java
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More About Methods
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Java Applet Basics
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Graphics, Fonts, and Color
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Simple Animation and Threads
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More Animation, Images, and Sound
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Managing Simple Events and Interactivity
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Creating User Interfaces with the awt
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Windows, Networking, and Other Tidbits
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Modifiers, Access Control, and Class Design
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Packages and Interfaces
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Exceptions
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Multithreading
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Streams and I/O
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Using Native Methods and Libraries
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Under the Hood
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Java Programming Tools
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Working with Data Structures in Java
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Advanced Animation and Media
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Fun with Image Filters
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Client/Server Networking in Java
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Emerging Technologies
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appendix A :- Language Summary
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appendix B :- Class Hierarchy Diagrams
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appendix C The Java Class Library
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appendix D Bytecodes Reference
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appendix E java.applet Package Reference
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appendix F java.awt Package Reference
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appendix G java.awt.image Package Reference
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appendix H java.awt.peer Package Reference
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appendix I java.io Package Reference
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appendix J java.lang Package Reference
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appendix K java.net Package Reference
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appendix L java.util Package Reference
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In Java, ‘break‘, ‘continue‘, and ‘return‘ are control flow statements that alter the flow of execution in loops and methods. Here is a detailed explanation of each:
1. break Statement
The ‘break‘ statement is used to exit from a loop or switch statement before it has completed its normal execution cycle.
Usage in Loops
- ‘
for‘,’while‘, and ‘do-while‘ loops: When’break‘is executed inside these loops, the control immediately exits the loop and proceeds to the next statement following the loop.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break; // Exits the loop when i is 5
}
System.out.println(i);
}
Usage in Switch Statements
- Switch case:’
break‘is commonly used to terminate a case in a ‘switch‘ statement. Without a ‘break‘, the execution will continue to the next case (fall-through).
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break; // Exits the switch statement
default:
System.out.println("Another day");
}
2. continue Statement
The ‘continue‘ statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and proceed to the next iteration.
Usage in Loops
- ‘
for‘, ‘while‘, and ‘do-while‘ loops: When ‘continue‘ is executed, the control jumps to the next iteration of the loop.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // Skips the current iteration when i is even
}
System.out.println(i); // Prints only odd numbers
}
3. return Statement
The ‘return‘ statement is used to exit from a method, optionally returning a value.
Usage in Methods
- Void methods: In methods that do not return a value (‘
void‘ methods), ‘return‘ is used to exit the method prematurely.
public void printNumbers() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
return; // Exits the method when i is 5
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Non-void methods: In methods that return a value, ‘return‘ must be followed by a value of the corresponding return type.
public int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b; // Returns the sum of a and b
}
Points to Note:
- Scope:’
break‘ and ‘continue‘ affect only the nearest enclosing loop or switch statement. - Return types: When using ‘
return‘ in a non-void method, ensure the value matches the method’s declared return type. - Code reachability: Statements immediately following a ‘
return‘ within the same block are unreachable and will result in a compilation error.
Examples of Each Statement
Example with ‘break‘:
public class BreakExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 3) {
break; // Loop terminates when i is 3
}
System.out.println(i);
}
System.out.println("Loop ended.");
}
}
Example with ‘continue‘:
public class ContinueExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // Skips even numbers
}
System.out.println(i); // Prints only odd numbers
}
}
}
Example with ‘return‘:
public class ReturnExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = sum(5, 10);
System.out.println("Sum: " + result);
}
public static int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b; // Returns the sum of a and b
}
}
By understanding and correctly using break, continue, and return, you can control the flow of your Java programs more effectively.
