| Introduction to Web Development |
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| Basic PHP Syntax |
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| PHP Basics |
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| Variables and Data Types |
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| Functions in PHP |
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| User-defined Functions |
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| Built-in Functions |
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| Variable Scope |
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| Include and Require |
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| Working with Forms |
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| Forms in HTML |
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| Form Handling in PHP |
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| Working with Files |
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| File Handling |
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| File System Functions |
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| Working with Databases |
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| Introduction to Databases |
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| Advanced PHP Techniques |
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| Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) |
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| Error and Exception Handling |
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Arithmetic operators in PHP are used to perform common arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. Here’s a deep dive into each operator, including their syntax, usage, and examples:
1. Addition (+)
Description: Adds two numbers together.
Syntax:
$result = $a + $b;
Example:
$a = 5;
$b = 3;
$result = $a + $b; // $result is 8
2. Subtraction (-)
Description: Subtracts one number from another.
Syntax:
$result = $a - $b;
Example:
$a = 5;
$b = 3;
$result = $a - $b; // $result is 2
3. Multiplication (*)
Description: Multiplies two numbers.
Syntax:
$result = $a * $b;
Example:
$a = 5;
$b = 3;
$result = $a * $b; // $result is 15
4. Division (/)
Description: Divides one number by another.
Syntax:
$result = $a / $b;
Example:
$a = 6;
$b = 3;
$result = $a / $b; // $result is 2
Note: Be cautious of division by zero, as it will produce an error.
5. Modulus (%)
Description: Returns the remainder of the division of one number by another.
Syntax:
$result = $a % $b;
Example:
$a = 5;
$b = 3;
$result = $a % $b; // $result is 2
6. Exponentiation (**)
Description: Raises one number to the power of another.
Syntax:
$result = $a ** $b;
Example:
$a = 2;
$b = 3;
$result = $a ** $b; // $result is 8
Increment/Decrement Operators
These operators are not strictly arithmetic operators, but they are closely related and often used in arithmetic expressions.
7. Increment (++)
Description: Increases an integer value by one.
Syntax:
$a++;
Example:
$a = 5;
$a++; // $a is now 6
8. Decrement (--)
Description: Decreases an integer value by one.
Syntax:
$a--;
Example:
$a = 5;
$a--; // $a is now 4
Combining Arithmetic Operators with Assignment (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=)
These combined operators perform an arithmetic operation and an assignment in one step.
Syntax:
$a += $b; // Equivalent to $a = $a + $b;
$a -= $b; // Equivalent to $a = $a - $b;
$a *= $b; // Equivalent to $a = $a * $b;
$a /= $b; // Equivalent to $a = $a / $b;
$a %= $b; // Equivalent to $a = $a % $b;
$a **= $b; // Equivalent to $a = $a ** $b;
Example:
$a = 5;
$b = 3;
$a += $b; // $a is now 8
$a -= $b; // $a is now 5
$a *= $b; // $a is now 15
$a /= $b; // $a is now 5
$a %= $b; // $a is now 2
$a **= $b; // $a is now 8
Operator Precedence
Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed. In PHP, arithmetic operators have the following precedence (from highest to lowest):
- ‘
**‘ - ‘
*‘, ‘/‘, ‘%‘ - ‘
+‘, ‘-‘
Example:
$result = 5 + 3 * 2; // $result is 11, because * has higher precedence than +
Associativity
Associativity determines the direction in which operations of the same precedence are performed. Most arithmetic operators are left-associative (evaluated from left to right), except for **, which is right-associative.
Example:
$result = 2 ** 3 ** 2; // $result is 512, because ** is right-associative
Understanding these arithmetic operators in PHP helps in performing a wide range of mathematical computations effectively. Combining them with other PHP features allows for the creation of complex and dynamic applications.
