| Introduction to Selenium |
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| Introduction to Automation Testing |
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| Selenium WebDriver Basics |
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| Understanding WebDriver |
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| First Selenium Script |
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| Locating Web Elements |
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| WebDriver Commands |
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| Advanced Web Element Interaction |
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| Synchronization in Selenium |
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| Implicit Wait |
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| Fluent Wait |
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| Working with Different Browsers |
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| Setting up WebDriver for different browsers |
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| Cross-Browser Testing |
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| Handling Advanced User Interactions |
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| Mouse Actions |
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| Keyboard Actions |
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| Page Object Model (POM) |
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| Introduction to POM |
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| Implementing POM |
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| TestNG Framework |
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| Introduction to TestNG |
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| Creating and Running TestNG Tests |
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Selenium is an open-source suite of tools for automating web browsers. It is widely used for testing web applications, scraping websites, and automating web-based tasks. Selenium is compatible with various browsers, operating systems, and programming languages, making it a versatile tool for developers and testers.
Key Components of Selenium
1. Selenium WebDriver:
- Description: WebDriver is the core component of Selenium, responsible for driving a browser’s behavior as a real user would. It directly communicates with the browser, controlling it from the OS level.
- Browsers Supported: Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Edge, Safari, Opera.
- Features:
- Browser-specific drivers: ChromeDriver for Chrome, GeckoDriver for Firefox, etc.
- Provides a programming interface to create and execute test scripts.
- Supports headless browsers for running tests without a graphical user interface (e.g., ChromeHeadless).
2. Selenium IDE:
- Description: Integrated Development Environment for Selenium. It is a browser plugin for Chrome and Firefox that allows users to record, edit, and debug tests.
- Features:
- Record and playback functionality for creating test cases.
- Supports exporting recorded tests to various programming languages (Java, C#, Python, Ruby).
- User-friendly interface for non-programmers.
3. Selenium Grid:
- Description: A tool used for running tests on multiple machines and browsers simultaneously. It enables parallel execution, reducing the time required for test execution.
- Features:
- Centralized hub that manages the distribution of test cases to various nodes (machines running different browsers).
- Supports running tests across different environments, browsers, and OS combinations.
4. Selenium Client Libraries:
- Description: Selenium provides client libraries in multiple programming languages, allowing developers to write test scripts in the language they are most comfortable with.
- Languages Supported: Java, C#, Python, Ruby, JavaScript (Node.js), and Kotlin.
- Features:
- Provides a consistent API across different languages.
- Allows integration with various test frameworks (JUnit, TestNG for Java; NUnit for C#; PyTest for Python).
Selenium WebDriver Architecture
Selenium WebDriver’s architecture is designed to communicate directly with the web browser, ensuring reliable and accurate interaction. The architecture consists of several layers:
1.Selenium Language Bindings:
- These are the client libraries available for different programming languages. They provide the API that developers use to write test scripts.
2. JSON Wire Protocol / W3C WebDriver Protocol:
- This is a communication protocol used for sending commands from the client library to the browser driver. It uses HTTP for transmitting data.
3. Browser Drivers:
- Each browser has its own driver, which acts as a bridge between Selenium commands and the browser. Examples include ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver, and EdgeDriver.
- Browser drivers translate the commands into actions in the browser and return the results to the client.
4. Web Browser:
- The actual browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.) where the tests are executed.
Writing and Running Tests
- Creating and running tests with Selenium involves several steps:
1. Setup:
- Install the necessary Selenium libraries and browser drivers.
- Configure the test environment (e.g., setting up a testing framework).
2. Writing Tests:
- Use the Selenium API to interact with web elements (e.g., locating elements, performing actions like click, type, submit).
- Implement test logic to validate the expected behavior of the web application.
3. Executing Tests:
- Run the test scripts using a test runner or build tool (e.g., Maven for Java, PyTest for Python).
- Collect and analyze test results to identify any issues or failures.
4. Debugging and Maintenance:
- Debug failed tests by analyzing logs and screenshots.
- Maintain test scripts to accommodate changes in the web application.
Advanced Features
1. Headless Browser Testing:
- Running tests without a graphical user interface, which is faster and useful for CI/CD pipelines.
- Supported by browsers like Chrome and Firefox.
2. Implicit and Explicit Waits:
- Implicit Wait: Defines a default wait time for all element searches.
- Explicit Wait: Waits for a specific condition to be met before proceeding.
3. Browser Options and Capabilities:
- Customize browser settings (e.g., setting the window size, disabling pop-ups).
- Define capabilities for cross-browser testing.
4. Handling Frames and Alerts:
- Switch between different frames or iframes in a webpage.
- Handle browser alerts, confirmations, and prompts.
Use Cases
1. Automated Testing:
- Functional and regression testing of web applications.
- Integration with CI/CD tools for continuous testing.
2. Web Scraping:
- Extracting data from websites for analysis and processing.
3. Automating Repetitive Tasks:
- Automating form submissions, data entry, and other repetitive web tasks.
4. Cross-Browser Testing:
- Ensuring web applications work correctly across different browsers and devices.
Limitations
1. Handling Dynamic Web Elements:
- Dealing with dynamic content and AJAX calls can be challenging.
2. Browser Compatibility Issues:
- Different browsers may behave differently, requiring additional handling.
3. Resource Intensive:
- Running multiple tests simultaneously can be resource-intensive.
4. Maintenance Overhead:
- Test scripts need to be updated frequently to reflect changes in the web application.
In summary, Selenium is a powerful tool for web automation, offering a wide range of functionalities for developers and testers. Its ability to support multiple languages, browsers, and operating systems makes it a preferred choice for many web automation projects.
